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Codex Marchalianus

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Codex Marchalianus, designated by <a href="Siglum" class="mw-redirect" title="Siglum">siglum</a> Q, is a 6th-century <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> manuscript copy of the Greek version of the <a href="Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (<a href="Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> or <a href="Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>) known as the <a href="Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>. It is now in the <a href="Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a>. The text was written on <a href="Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> in <a href="Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">uncial</a> letters. <a href="Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeographically</a> it has been assigned to the 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-Würthwein-1">[1]</a> Marginal annotations were later added to the copy of the Scripture text, the early ones being of importance for a study of the history of the Septuagint.

Its name was derived from a former owner, René Marchal.<a href="#cite_note-Metzger-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

The manuscript is an in quarto volume, arranged in quires of five sheets or ten leaves each, like <a href="Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a> or <a href="Codex_Rossanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Rossanensis">Codex Rossanensis</a>. It contains text of the <a href="Minor_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor prophet">Twelve Prophets</a>, <a href="Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a>, <a href="Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a> with Baruch, <a href="Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">Lamentations</a>, <a href="Letter_of_Jeremiah" title="Letter of Jeremiah">Epistle of Jeremiah</a>, <a href="Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Book of Ezekiel</a>, <a href="Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a>, with Susanna and Bel. The order of the <a href="Minor_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor prophet">12 Prophets</a> is unusual: <a href="Book_of_Hosea" title="Book of Hosea">Hosea</a>, <a href="Book_of_Amos" title="Book of Amos">Amos</a>, <a href="Book_of_Micah" title="Book of Micah">Micah</a>, <a href="Book_of_Joel" title="Book of Joel">Joel</a>, <a href="Book_of_Obadiah" title="Book of Obadiah">Obadiah</a>, <a href="Book_of_Jonah" title="Book of Jonah">Jonah</a>, <a href="Book_of_Nahum" title="Book of Nahum">Nahum</a>, <a href="Book_of_Habakkuk" title="Book of Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a>, <a href="Book_of_Zephaniah" title="Book of Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a>, <a href="Book_of_Haggai" title="Book of Haggai">Haggai</a>, <a href="Book_of_Zechariah" title="Book of Zechariah">Zechariah</a>, and <a href="Book_of_Malachi" title="Book of Malachi">Malachi</a>. The order of books is the same as in <a href="Codex_Vaticanus" title="Codex Vaticanus">Codex Vaticanus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Swete-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rahlfs-4">[4]</a>

The Book of Daniel represents the Theodotion version.<a href="#cite_note-Swete-3">[3]</a>

In its present state, the manuscript consists of 416 parchment leaves, but the first twelve contain <a href="Patristics" title="Patristics">patristic matter</a>, and did not form a part of the original manuscript. The leaves measure 11 x 7 inches (29 x 18 cm). The writing is in one column per page, 29 lines per column, and 24–30 letters in line.<a href="#cite_note-Rahlfs-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swete121-5">[5]</a>

It is written in bold uncial of the so-called Coptic style.<a href="#cite_note-Metzger-2">[2]</a>

In the first half of the 19th century it was thought to be one of the oldest manuscripts of the Septuagint. It is generally agreed that Codex Marchalianus belongs to a well-defined textual family with Hesychian characteristics, a representative of the Hesychian recension (along with the manuscripts <a href="Codex_Alexandrinus" title="Codex Alexandrinus">A</a>, 26, 86, 106, 198, 233).<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marginal_notes">Marginal notes</h2></div>

Some notes were added in the margins of the manuscript's Septuagint text in 6th-century uncial letters, some of them added quite soon by the same scribe who wrote the patristic material now placed at the beginning of the manuscript,<a href="#cite_note-Swete1-8">[8]</a> but many are in a <a href="Greek_minuscule" title="Greek minuscule">minuscule script</a>, perhaps as late as the 13 century,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> which led Swete to classify the manuscript as of the 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-Swete1-8">[8]</a> Images of pages with early notes in uncials of smaller size and of the much more abundant medieval notes in minuscules can in seen in an article by Marieke Dhont.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

The marginal notes indicate <a href="Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexaplaric</a> corrections of the Hesychian text<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

In the margins of Ezekiel and Lamentations they add about seventy items of an onomasticon.<a href="#cite_note-Metzger-2">[2]</a> In their comment on the two verses Ezekiel 1:2 and 11:1, they use Ιαω, a phonetic transliteration into Greek letters of Hebrew יהוה, as an indirect<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> reference to the <a href="Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Several other marginal notes, not the text itself, give ΠΙΠΙ in the same way.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

In Isaiah 45:18 Codex Marchalianus has Ἐγώ εἰμι, ("I am"), as does the Greek Septuagint in general.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In the margin, this text was "corrected" to "I am the Lord", adding Κύριος ("the Lord") and making it conform to the <a href="Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> אני יהוה.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_codex">History of the codex</h2></div>

The manuscript was written in Egypt not later than the 6th century. It seems to have remained there till the ninth, since the uncial corrections and annotations as well as text exhibit letters of characteristically Egyptian form. From Egypt it was carried before the 12th century to South Italy, and thence into France, where it became the property of the <a href="Basilica_of_St_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St Denis">Abbey of St. Denys</a> near Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Swete-3">[3]</a> René Marchal (hence name of the codex) obtained the manuscript from the Abbey of St. Denys. From the library of Marchal it passed into the hands of Cardinal <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_de_La_Rochefoucauld_(cardinal)" title="François de La Rochefoucauld (cardinal)">La Rochefoucauld</a>, who in turn presented it to the <a href="Lyc%C3%A9e_Louis-le-Grand" title="Lycée Louis-le-Grand">College de Clermont</a>, the celebrated Jesuit house in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Metzger-2">[2]</a> Finally, in 1785, it was purchased for the Vatican Library, where it is now housed.<a href="#cite_note-Swete-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

The codex was known by <a href="Bernard_de_Montfaucon" title="Bernard de Montfaucon">Bernard de Montfaucon</a> and <a href="Giuseppe_Bianchini" title="Giuseppe Bianchini">Giuseppe Bianchini</a>. The text of the codex was used by J. Morius, <a href="Johann_Jakob_Wettstein" title="Johann Jakob Wettstein">Wettstein</a>, an Montfaucon. It was collated for James Parsons, and edited by <a href="Constantin_von_Tischendorf" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">Tischendorf</a> in the fourth volume of his Nova Collectio 4 (1869), pp. 225–296,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> and in the ninth volume of his Nova Collectio 9 (1870), pp. 227–248.<a href="#cite_note-Swete-3">[3]</a> <a href="Giuseppe_Cozza-Luzi" title="Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi">Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi</a> edited its text in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>

Ceriani classified the text in 1890 as a Hesychian recension, but <a href="Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexaplaric</a> signs have been freely added, and the margins supply copious extracts from Aquila, <a href="Symmachus_the_Ebionite" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmachus the Ebionite">Symmachus</a>, <a href="Theodotion" title="Theodotion">Theodotion</a>, and the Septuaginta of the Hexapla.<a href="#cite_note-Rahlfs-4">[4]</a>

The codex is housed in the <a href="Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> (Vat. gr. 2125).

<ul><li><a href="Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian art and architecture</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFWürthwein_Ernst1988" class="citation book cs1">Würthwein Ernst (1988). Der Text des Alten Testaments. Stuttgart: <a href="Deutsche_Bibelgesellschaft" title="Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft">Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft</a>. p. 85.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Metzger-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Metzger_2-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFBruce_M._Metzger1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z35H7PQDQ1oC&pg=PA94">Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 94. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780195365320</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Swete-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swete_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swete_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swete_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swete_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swete_3-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFSwete1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Henry_Barclay_Swete" title="Henry Barclay Swete">Swete, Henry Barclay</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IntroductionToTheOTInGreek">An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek</a>. Cambridge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IntroductionToTheOTInGreek/page/n136">120</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Rahlfs-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahlfs_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahlfs_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahlfs_4-2">c</a> <a href="Alfred_Rahlfs" title="Alfred Rahlfs">Alfred Rahlfs</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mitteilungendess00akaduoft#page/272/mode/2up">Verzeichnis der griechischen Handschriften des Alten Testaments, für das Septuaginta-Unternehmen</a>, Göttingen 1914, pp. 273–274.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Swete121-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Swete121_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSwete1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Henry_Barclay_Swete" title="Henry Barclay Swete">Swete, Henry Barclay</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IntroductionToTheOTInGreek">An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek</a>. Cambridge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IntroductionToTheOTInGreek/page/n137">121</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/29198994/The-Cambridge-History-of-the-Bible-Vol-2-The-West-From-the-Fathers-to-the-Reformation">The Cambridge History of the Bible</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102205425/http://www.scribd.com/doc/29198994/The-Cambridge-History-of-the-Bible-Vol-2-The-West-From-the-Fathers-to-the-Reformation">Archived</a> 2012-11-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Vol. 2 – The West From the Fathers to the Reformation), ed. by G. W. H. Lampe, Cambridge University Press 2006, p. 19

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Natalio Fernández Marcos, Wilfred G. E. Watson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MbvEZ4bgdwC&pg=PA242">The Septuagint in context: introduction to the Greek version of the Bible</a> (Brill: Leiden 2000), p. 242

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Swete1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swete1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swete1_8-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IntroductionToTheOTInGreek/page/n159/mode/2up">Henry Barclay Swete, An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek (Cambridge University Press 1902), pp. 144–145</a>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katapi.org.uk/BibleMSS/Q.htm">Vellum Uncial Q</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.logos.com/how-the-vatican-library-celebrates-lxx-day/">Marieke Dhont, "How the Vatican Library celebrates LXX Day"</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFErnst_Wurthwein2014" class="citation book cs1">Ernst Wurthwein (27 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T2w9AwAAQBAJ&q=codex+marchalianus+tetragrammaton&pg=PA334">The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780802866806</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Emanuel Tov observes: "The concordance of Hatch-Redpath misleadingly quotes in the list of the personal names a marginal reading ΙΑΩ from codex Marchalianus (Q) in Ezek 1:2 and 11:1. These readings, not mentioned in Ziegler's Göttingen edition, refer to Ιωακειμ in 1:2 and to בניהו in 11:1 represented in this note as οικος ιαω." See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/symposiums/15th/papers/Tov.pdf">Emmanuel Tov, "P. Vindob. G 39777 (Symmachus) and the Use of the Divine Names in Greek Scripture Texts". note 27</a>,

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nirnCwAAQBAJ&q=marchalianus">Bruce Manning Metzger, Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Greek Palaeography (Oxford University Press 1981), p. 35</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRösel2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Martin_R%C3%B6sel" title="Martin Rösel">Rösel, Martin</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tdvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA296">Tradition and Innovation: English and German Studies on the Septuagint</a>. SBL Press. p. 296. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780884143246</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Robert J. Wilkinson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ">Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God: From the Beginnings to the Seventeenth Century</a>. BRILL; 5 February 2015. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-28817-1</bdi>. p. 58.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Rösel 2018, p. 304, footnote 54

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/septuagint-lxx/read-the-bible-text/bibel/text/lesen/stelle/23/450001/459999/ch/6e4284a432480945cc6f2d4c822809af/">Is 45:18 on The Scholarly Bible Portal of the German Bible Society</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/research_sites/cjl/sites/partners/cbaa_seminar/townsend.htm">John T. Townsend, "The Gospel of John and the Jews: The Story of a Religious Divorce"</a>, in: <a href="Alan_T._Davies" title="Alan T. Davies">Alan T. Davies</a>, ed., Antisemitism and the Foundations of Christianity (Paulist Press, 1979): p. 77, footnote 15

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> C. v. Tischendorf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.iv.monumentaSacraInedita.newcollection.subscript.6vols.1857-1870/04.MonumentaSacraInedita.NC.PsalTurDanMarchVat.v4.Tischendorf.Subsc.1869.#page/n25/mode/2up">Nova Collectio 4 (1869)</a>, p. XIX

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> C. v. Tischendorf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.iv.monumentaSacraInedita.newcollection.subscript.6vols.1857-1870/04.MonumentaSacraInedita.NC.PsalTurDanMarchVat.v4.Tischendorf.Subsc.1869.#page/n257/mode/2up">Nova Collectio 4 (1869)</a>, pp. 225–296

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Giuseppe Cozza-Luzi, Prophetarum codex Graecus Vaticanus 2125 (Romae, 1890)

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Codex_Marchalianus" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Codex Marchalianus">Codex Marchalianus</a>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Constantin_von_Tischendorf" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">Constantin von Tischendorf</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Tischendorf.iv.monumentaSacraInedita.newcollection.subscript.6vols.1857-1870/04.MonumentaSacraInedita.NC.PsalTurDanMarchVat.v4.Tischendorf.Subsc.1869.#page/n257/mode/2up">Nova Collectio 4 (1869)</a>, pp. 225–296 [text of the codex]</li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Cozza-Luzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Cozza-Luzi">Joseph Cozza-Luzi</a>, Prophetarum codex Graecus Vaticanus 2125 (Romae, 1890)</li>

<li>Antonio Ceriani, De codice Marchaliano seu Vaticano Graeco 2125 (1890)</li>

<li><a href="Alfred_Rahlfs" title="Alfred Rahlfs">Alfred Rahlfs</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mitteilungendess00akaduoft#page/273/mode/2up">Verzeichnis der griechischen Handschriften des Alten Testaments, für das Septuaginta-Unternehmen</a>, Göttingen 1914, p. 273</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBruce_M._Metzger1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Bruce_M._Metzger" title="Bruce M. Metzger">Bruce M. Metzger</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manuscriptsofgre00metz">Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. Plate 21, p. 94.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://septuaginta.uni-goettingen.de/catalogue/Ra_Q">Codex Marchalianus. Entry in the Manuscript Database of the Göttinger Septuaginta</a> by Felix Albrecht, published 28 June 2023</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Vat.gr.2125">Digitised copy of Codex Marchalianus</a> in the Vatican library, Vat.Gr.2125</li></ul>

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